| 摘要: | 本研究之目的在利用職業災害案例之災害原因分析比較，探討橋樑施築與營造業間
災害發生的關連性及共同性；利用初步危害分析法界定不同橋樑施工方法之潛在危害及
防範對策，結合營造業之三種安全管理特性，建構橋樑工程施工的有效安全管理模式供
業界應用，期以降低橋樑工程災害發生，保障作業勞工職場安全。本研究收集自1996
年至2006 年之台灣地區營造業1821 個及橋樑工程75 個職業災害案例為對象，以SPSS
統計軟體進行災害發生之基本原因分析及災害變因相關性分析，對致災之各項因素藉由
分析可獲得彼此間之顯著相關性與否，並檢驗災害發生原因及正確擬定出防範策略。由
於分析母群體數具相當之差異性，營造業災害案例之相關性以 Spearman 方法而橋樑工
程災害案例以 Pearson 方法進行分析。
本研究分析結果顯示營造業及橋樑工程施築之主要職災原因是不安全行為(42%及
46%)，避免勞工不安全行為造成職業災害之主要對策為落實安全衛生教育訓練、制定標
準作業程序、健全安全管理組織與設置專職安全管理人員；其次不安全狀況(38%及33%)
之預防對策，以加強設置安全防護設施與維持安全設備應有的弁酮陘ㄔi或缺之途徑。
本研究分析比較傳統式自主安全管理模式、自主管理與第三稽核並存、及顧問式管理模
式等三種營造業常見之安全管理模式優缺點後，提出修正式自主管理模式，以一橋樑工
程案場為例，該工程共27 個作業場所，在傳統式自主安全管理模式下，一年之工程進
度中，作業現場缺失之改善率僅達22%及意外事故發生之損失費用達1059.3 萬元，經
兩個死亡職業災害發生後，改用本研究建議之修正式安全管理模式實施一年，該工程除
增加安全組織人力之人事費用100.8 萬元外，作業現場缺失改善率提升至82%且未發生
重大意外事故等績效顯著。
The purpose of present study is analyzing the causes of occupational
accidents to investigate the relation and similarity between bridge engineering
and construction industry. Using the preliminary hazard analysis (PHA) to
define the potential hazards and prevention strategies of different bridge
construction methods, and to establish an effective safety management model
synthesizing three current types of construction safety management to decline
the occurrence of bridge construction accident and ensure the occupational
safety of labors. The researcher collects 1821 fatal occupational projects in the construction industry and 75 bridge engineering accidents from 1996 to 2006 in Taiwan as the subjects of this study. We analyze the major cause and the relationship between the variables of the accidents with the SPSS software. By means of the analysis of the causes of the accidents, we can understand if the causes significantly relate to each other and examine the causes to formulate prevention strategies. Due to the fact that the variation of the population is quite remarkable, we investigates the relationship among fatal accidents in construction industry with Spearman Rank-order correlation analysis method, and the bridge engineering accidents with Pearson correlation analysis method. The results of the analysis indicate that the major factor of occupational accident in construction industry (42%) and bridge construction accident (46%) is unsafe behaviors; thus, the major strategies to prevent labor from occupational accidents caused by unsafe behaviors are practice of labor safety and health education and training, establishment of standard operation process and sound safety management organization, and employment of professional safety manager. The second factor is unsafe situations, and the prevention strategies of which are reinforcement and maintenance of the security protection devices. We compare the characteristic of the three major safety management models, which are self-operated managing system; self-operated management and extra audit simultaneously system; and consultative managing system in construction industry, and then proposes a modified self-operated managing system. Taking a bridge engineering construction project as an example, there are 27 workplaces of the construction. Under the traditional self-operated managing system for one year, the improvement rate of the workplaces is merely 22 %, and the loss of the accidents is NT$ 10,593,000. After two fatal occupational accidents, the modified self-operated managing system is employed for another one year. The personnel expense of the safety organization of the construction is increased to NT$ 1,008,000; however, the improvement rate of the workplaces rises to 82 %, and no more fatal accident happens again. |
