Prevalence of vitamin D deficiency and associated risk of all-cause and cause-specific mortality among middle-aged and older adults in the United States

doi:10.3389/fnut.2023.1163737

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Title:	Prevalence of vitamin D deficiency and associated risk of all-cause and cause-specific mortality among middle-aged and older adults in the United States
Authors:	Wang, Ting-Yi Wang, Hung-Wei Jiang, Ming-Yan
Contributors:	Sin Lau Hosp, Dept Internal Med, Renal Div Chi Mei Hosp Chiali, Dept Internal Med, Renal Div Chi Mei Med Ctr, Dept Internal Med, Renal Div Chia Nan Univ Pharm & Sci, Dept Pharm
Keywords:	vitamin D deficiency vitamin D insufficiency prevalence mortality pneumonia
Date:	2023
Issue Date:	2024-12-25 11:04:53 (UTC+8)
Publisher:	FRONTIERS MEDIA SA
Abstract:	IntroductionThe prevalence of vitamin D deficiency varied among populations and regions worldwide. In addition, the association between vitamin D deficiency and health outcomes remained controversial. Our study aimed to investigate the prevalence of vitamin D deficiency and its association with mortality risk among non-institutional middle-aged and older adults in the United States. MethodThe study population included 11,119 adult participants aged between 50 and 79 years in the 2007-2016 National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES). Vitamin D status was divided as <= 30 (severely deficient), 30.1-50 (moderately deficient), 50.1-75 (insufficient), 75.1-100 (sufficient), and > 100 nmol/L (very sufficient). NHANES data were linked to National Death Index to ascertain the survival status and cause of death. ResultsThe population aged 61.5 years (survey-weighted) and 47.9% were men. Among them, 4.6% were severely vitamin D deficient, 15.2% moderately deficient, and 33.6% insufficient. Individuals with higher vitamin D levels tended to be female, older, white people, non-smoker, non-single, more educated, with higher family income, and lower body mass index. During a median follow-up of 97.0 months, a total of 1,585 participants died (15.9 per 10,000 person-months). The crude analysis showed that vitamin D deficiency, but not vitamin D insufficiency, correlated to higher all-cause mortality risk. The association remained similar after adjusting for potential confounders, showing that vitamin D deficiency (HR: 1.38, 95% CI 1.15-1.66), but not vitamin D insufficiency (HR: 1.03, 95% CI 0.88-1.20), correlated to higher all-cause mortality risk. In addition, we showed that vitamin D deficiency was an independent risk factor for death from pneumonia (HR: 3.82, 95% CI 1.14-12.86) but not from cardiovascular diseases, cancer, or cerebrovascular diseases. ConclusionIn summary, among middle-aged and older adults in the United States, nearly 20% were vitamin D deficient. Vitamin D deficiency, but not vitamin D insufficiency, correlated to increased mortality risk.
Relation:	Frontiers in Nutrition, v.10, Article 1163737
Appears in Collections:	[Offices] 456

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