| 摘要: | 生物炭具有改善土壤理化性質與微生物活性、提高土壤有機碳儲存、延緩肥料養分釋放、降低肥料施用量、減少土壤養分損失與減輕土壤污染之功效，為深入了解應用生物炭對豬糞堆肥之重金屬固定與促進腐熟化之效應，本研究應用不同生物炭(包含：稻殼、稻稈、花生殼、椰殼、蔗渣)作為豬糞堆肥添加劑，以豬糞為主原料，添加適量菇類廢棄包並配合不同生物炭與不同添加比例，經翻堆醱酵腐熟、堆置風乾等程序製成堆肥，探討生物炭添加對堆肥品質之影響，以了解生物炭改善堆肥品質之潛力。本研究獲致以下之重要結果：1.生物炭均具有高pH值(9.69~11.26)，以蔗渣與椰殼的生物炭比表面積較高，且孔隙較完整均勻，顯示有較佳之孔隙結構發展。2.運用快速堆肥機以5:5(豬糞：菇包廢棄物，w/w)，製成之堆肥成品pH值為中鹼性，高稻稈生物炭添加比例堆肥成品EC值高達4.12 mS/cm，添加15%椰殼生物炭所製成之豬糞堆肥具促進堆肥腐熟之功效，堆肥成品對青江菜種子發芽均無抑制且多能促進胚莖生長，其中以15%椰殼生物炭堆肥對青江菜種子之生長促進效益最佳。3.添加生物炭可使堆肥化初期pH值與有機質含量略高於未添加者，較高EC值之稻稈、椰殼生物炭添加比例，使得堆體EC值較高，添加生物炭的堆肥初期碳氮比均顯著高於對照組，以添加椰殼生物炭為最高且與添加比例呈正相關。4.添加生物炭可使堆肥過程之E4/E6 值明顯低於未添加者，顯示生物炭的添加可提高堆肥中有機質的腐植化與芳香化；堆肥化過程之FTIR光譜顯示，添加生物炭可促進堆肥加速腐熟化。5.堆肥過程中，堆肥與水(1：5，w/v)之萃取液測試青江菜種子發芽率均超過90%；添加生物炭的堆肥在初期(21天)堆肥階段對青江菜胚根較無促進作用，隨堆肥腐熟時間的延長對青江菜之胚根與胚莖生長促進效應逐漸增加，顯示添加生物炭能促進堆肥的腐熟脫毒。6.稻殼生物炭作為堆肥添加劑可些微降低堆肥水溶性與交換性型態Cu含量，適量添加其他質材生物炭(除稻稈以外)則可降低堆肥水溶性與交換性型態Zn含量。7.比較生物炭堆肥對植物生長之效應，以施用化學肥料為對照組，試驗期間土壤pH值介於8.2~8.6，添加15%稻稈生物炭堆肥之土壤pH值最高，添加生物炭堆肥之土壤有機質均高於對照組，施用化學肥料之植物碳氮比遠低於堆肥處理，施用堆肥處理之植物生長優於施用化學肥料，以添加5%稻稈生物炭堆肥之植物生長效應為最優，顯示農業廢棄物若能妥善處理與再利用，可對土壤環境改善與作物栽培具有良好之應用潛力。
Biochar will be used to improve the physico-chemical characteristics andmicrobial activities of soil, increase storage of carbon in soil, extend the release rate of nutrient from fertlizer, decline the demand of fertillizer, and prevent the pollution of soil. The heavy-metal pollution in soil caused by use of pig manure as organic fertilizer, has seriously affected the quality of soil and agricultural products .To assess the effect of heavy metal simmobilization and humification improvement by biochar amendment, the study was aimed at an efficient process for the composting of pig manure. In this study, composts were prepared from various mixing ratio of pig manure, mushroom wastes and various types of biochars made from rice husk, rice straw, bagasse, peanut shell, and coconut shell in aerobic composting treatments. The quality index (including temperature, pH, EC, C/N ratio, OM%, TN, FTIR spectra, E4/E6, germination percentage of seed) of compost was determined during compsting process.The main results were as followings :1.The biochars had high pH (ranged from 9.69~11.26 ).The surface areas of bagasse- and coconut shell-biochars were higher than other biochars significantly. Higher porosity development were shown in SEM images of bagasse- and coconut shell-biochars.2.Fast-composting products were prepared by waste processing apparatus, biochars were added to pig manure and spent mushroom waste in amounts equivalent to 5, 10 and 15% (w/w). The pH values of composts were in range of 7.73~8.88, higher EC values of compost was due to 15% rice straw-biochar addition. Higher C/N ratio and humification of compost was increased by the 15% coconut shell-biochar addition. The biotoxicity of compost was analyzed by the percentage of seed germination. The increase of radical and epitical growth of Brassica chinensisL. CV. Ching-Geeng seed by the 15% coconut shell-biochar compost.3.Initial pH values and organic matter content of composting by amendment of biochars were higher than no biochars compost, higher EC was caused by low adsorption to salts by the higher amendment ratio of rice straw- and coconut shell- biochars.Initial C/N ratio was found in all treatments of biochar addition, significantly in the addition of 15% coconut shell-biochar.4.The significant decrease of E4/E6 values was occurred in the treatment of biochar addition, it was indicated that biochar addition hastens degradation and humification of organic matter. The product with biochar addition became mature and accelerated stabilization.5.The water extractable (compost:water, 1:5) solution was analyzed by the percentage of seed germination. The percentage of seed germination weas more than 90%, in the initial period (21-days) of composting, no positive effect on the radical growth of Brassica chinensisL. CV. Ching-Geeng. The end-products of composts could detoxification and enhance radical and epitical growth of Brassica chinensisL. CV. Ching-Geeng.6.Slight decrease of the content of exchangeable and water-souble Cu was due to the addition of rice husk-biochar, appropriate addition amount of biochars (except rice straw) could decraese the content of exchangeable and water-souble Zn.7.Comparison of effects on plant growth by various biochar composts was taken in pot experiment of Chinese mustard (Brassica chinensis Linn) with application of chemical ferlizer as control. Soil pH were ranged from 8.2 to 8.6 in the period of 35-d pot experiment. Highest pH was observed in the the addition of 15% rice straw-biochar compost. Soil organic matter of treatments by addition of compost were higher than application of chemical ferlizer, and lowest C/N ratio of plant was observed in the treatment of chemical ferlizer. Good performance of plant growth was also shown in the treatment of compost application, especially in the application of 5% rice straw-biochar compost. Although limited to a short-term pot experiment, this research showed the application of biochar compost was a promising potential of agronomic performance for improvement of soil environment and plant growth. |
