| 摘要: | This study is to identify the chemical components of particulate matter (PM), and to compare the particle number (PN) size distributions emitted from Thailand incense stick burning. Incense sticks are three types including regular incenses, smokeless incenses and no-smoke incenses. Measurement of incense stick burning is conducted in the controlled chamber. The PN size distributions of 10 nm-10 m from incense stick burning are monitored simultaneously by using real-time devices combined NanoSMPS with OPS, which the accounting time for PN is separated to be two phases (During and Post-burning). Burning of incense sticks could appear high PN emission potential. All types of incense stick burning emit the similar patterns in the particle number (dN/dlogDp), particle surface area (dS/dlogDp) and particle mass (dM/dlogDp) size distributions (During>Post-burning) except for particle mass (dM/dlogDp) size distributions of Smokeless incense stick (Post-burning>During). Moreover, the peak of PN size distribution is higher than 61.9 nm with the highest mode of PN size distribution found in the Accumulation I mode, ranging between 100-200 nm of particle size. The most abundant particle number concentration (?N) of incense stick burning is TH11 (5,436,027 cm-3, a type of regular incenses), while the lowest ?N is TH15 (2,715,189 cm-3, a type of no-smoke incenses), revealing PN emitted from TH11 incense stick burning is two times of TH15 incense stick burning. The average of particle emission rates and emission factors are 4.39E+10 min-1 and 1.54E+12 g-1 incense for regular incense sticks, 5.53E+10 min-1 and 2.01E+12 g-1 incense for smokeless incense sticks, 3.80E+10 min-1 and 1.47E+12 g-1 incense for no-smoke incense sticks, respectively. The emission factors of particulate and ash production are 171.47±84.90 mg PM g-1 incense and 803.33±498.69 mg ash g-1 incense of regular incense, 120.67±31.35 mg PM g-1 incense and 1327.83±317.34 mg ash g-1 incense of smokeless incense, and 38.71±15.72 mg PM g-1 incense and 1663.78 ± 526.25 mg ash g-1 incense of no-smoke incense, indicating that PM emission decreases as ash production increases, and that when the products of incense burning comprise mainly ashes, the emission of PM decreases. The anhydrosugars and carboxylic acids were the most abundant species in emitted PM for all incenses. Levoglucosan and K+, the most abundant organic and inorganic compounds of total identified chemical composition in incense burning PM for all types of incense sticks, could be regarded as major markers of incense stick burning. |
