| 摘要: | The PM10 aerosol in Chiang Mai, Thailand was collected during 7 April - 1 May 2011 at an urban (Chiang Mai University: CMU) and a semi-urban site (Chiang Mai City Hall: CCH) on a 8 x 10 in Quartz Microfiber filters by using PM10 High Volume Air Samplers with flow rate of 1.13 m3 min-1. Characterization of carboxylates, anhydrosugars, sugars, sugar alcohols, organic carbon (OC), elemental carbon (EC), metals and inorganic species content and the provenance were investigated. The results show that the average concentrations of PM10 were 40.79.41 ?g m-3 at CMU site and 47.215.71 ?g m-3 at CCH site. At two sites, sulfate was the most abundant inorganic salts, at CMU site, sulfate emitted from biomass burning while at CCH site, sulfate emitted from traffic emissions. Acetate was the most abundant monocarboxylate and oxalate was the dominant dicarboxylates, indicate that carboxylates are formed by photochemical reaction and/or emitted directly from fossil fuel and biomass burning process. Levoglucosan, glucose and mannitol were the most dominant in anhydrosugars, sugars, and sugar alcohols, respectively. In nighttime found high concentration of levoglucosan, indicating that biomass burning contributed during in the nighttime. Most moderate/clear day and episode/clear day ratio more than 1, but it have some ratio less than 1 especially formate, it was reasonable because it easy to decomposed to be a CO2 by photochemical reaction. The acetate/formate (A/F) mass ratio was more than 1 (31.122.4 and 35.526.1 at CMU and CCH site, respectively), indicating that contributed from primary sources of biomass burning. The malonate/succinate (M/S) mass ratio was 1.31.56 at CMU site and 0.640.30 at CCH site, indicating that sources from traffic emissions. The levoglucosan/mannosan mass ratio was 23.07 at CMU site and 17.18 at CCH site, indicating that sources from biomass burning emitted from forest fire. OC/EC ratio were 5.33 and 11.4 at CMU site and CCH site, respectively, indicated source of PM10 from biomass burning. Iron (Fe) was found at CCH site more than CMU site, indicating at CCH site had emissions vehicle more than CMU site. Principle component analysis showed an accordant result indicated that biomass burning, crustal matter, traffic emissions, vehicle exhaust and heavy oil burning were mainly sources of PM10 in Chiang Mai.
The PM10 aerosol in Chiang Mai, Thailand was collected during 7 April - 1 May 2011 at an urban (Chiang Mai University: CMU) and a semi-urban site (Chiang Mai City Hall: CCH) on a 8 x 10 in Quartz Microfiber filters by using PM10 High Volume Air Samplers with flow rate of 1.13 m3 min-1. Characterization of carboxylates, anhydrosugars, sugars, sugar alcohols, organic carbon (OC), elemental carbon (EC), metals and inorganic species content and the provenance were investigated. The results show that the average concentrations of PM10 were 40.79.41 ?g m-3 at CMU site and 47.215.71 ?g m-3 at CCH site. At two sites, sulfate was the most abundant inorganic salts, at CMU site, sulfate emitted from biomass burning while at CCH site, sulfate emitted from traffic emissions. Acetate was the most abundant monocarboxylate and oxalate was the dominant dicarboxylates, indicate that carboxylates are formed by photochemical reaction and/or emitted directly from fossil fuel and biomass burning process. Levoglucosan, glucose and mannitol were the most dominant in anhydrosugars, sugars, and sugar alcohols, respectively. In nighttime found high concentration of levoglucosan, indicating that biomass burning contributed during in the nighttime. Most moderate/clear day and episode/clear day ratio more than 1, but it have some ratio less than 1 especially formate, it was reasonable because it easy to decomposed to be a CO2 by photochemical reaction. The acetate/formate (A/F) mass ratio was more than 1 (31.122.4 and 35.526.1 at CMU and CCH site, respectively), indicating that contributed from primary sources of biomass burning. The malonate/succinate (M/S) mass ratio was 1.31.56 at CMU site and 0.640.30 at CCH site, indicating that sources from traffic emissions. The levoglucosan/mannosan mass ratio was 23.07 at CMU site and 17.18 at CCH site, indicating that sources from biomass burning emitted from forest fire. OC/EC ratio were 5.33 and 11.4 at CMU site and CCH site, respectively, indicated source of PM10 from biomass burning. Iron (Fe) was found at CCH site more than CMU site, indicating at CCH site had emissions vehicle more than CMU site. Principle component analysis showed an accordant result indicated that biomass burning, crustal matter, traffic emissions, vehicle exhaust and heavy oil burning were mainly sources of PM10 in Chiang Mai. |
