| 摘要: | 拜香是亞洲民眾敬拜神明及祖先或祈福的一種儀式之一，本研究針對不同型態及種類之拜香使用所排放出之燃煙，探討其燃煙組成特性。其中拜香又分四種有竹拜香，另為四種無竹拜香，此外也探討三種泰國香，共11種拜香。
不同拜香燃煙微粒排放係數介於17.3-80.2 mg-particle g-1-incense之間。其中有機碳化合物佔燃煙微粒總質量31.9-81.6%，羧酸類(carboxylic acids)、脫水醣類(anhydrosugars)及醣醇類(sugar alcohols)，共佔燃煙微粒總質量的1.56-4.68%。無機鹽類(inorganic salts)約佔燃煙微粒總質量的1.97-9.54%。拜香燃煙無機鹽類，以chloride、sodium、potassium為最豐富成分，顯示potassium與chloride 為生質燃燒(biomass burning)之原生氣膠的主要物種。羧酸所佔拜香燃煙總質量1.09-3.64%。其中羧酸最豐富的成分為acetic acid。比較acetic acid/formic acid質量比率(A/F ratio)介於1.93-5.38，為不同拜香生質燃燒的有機物種比率特徵。醣醇類及脫水醣類，各佔燃煙總質量的0.20-1.12%、0.12-1.35%。
研究中發現levoglucosan、mannosan、galactosan、arabitol、xylitol、galactose，在未燃燒香粉樣品中未存在，在燃燒後燃煙微粒卻存在，顯示為拜香燃煙潛在物種。Levoglucosan/xylitol比率介於6.4-15.4，無竹香類燃煙其值介於11.0-25.6，此外不同拜香燃煙Levoglucosan/mannosan比率介於0.36-2.65，兩種有機物種比率可作為拜香燃煙的特性比值。
利用SMPS掃描式電移動度分徑器收集分析，所有拜香燃燒後所產生之微粒，微粒粒徑分布範圍主要在100 ~400 nm 之間，在此分佈範圍的微粒數目比例佔總數目濃度的88.4-89.2%，數目中位數粒徑(NMAD)集中在187 ~195 nm之間有一致的燃煙粒徑分布。
Incense burning is an important ritual to pray to worship the gods or ancestors for people in Asia. This study focused on the emission properties of selected different types and kinds of incense burning. The incenses were divided into four incenses with stick, the other four incenses without stick. Additionally, three kinds of Thailand incenses were also studied. Totally, there are 11 kinds of incense to discuss.
Particles released from different burning incense ranged of 17.3-80.2 mg-particle g-1-incense. Organic carbon compounds which accounted for all mass of burning smoke particles 31.9-81.6%, with carboxylic acids, anhydrosugars and sugar alcohols, all accounted for 1.56-4.68% of PM mass of burning smoke particles. Inorganic salts accounted for 1.97-9.54% of particle mass. Chloride, sodium and potassium are the most dominant species in inorganic salts, indicating chloride and potassium is the primary aerosol of biomass burning. Carboxylic acid contributed 1.09-3.64% of particle mass of incense burning. Acetic acid is the most abundant component of the carboxylic acids. Mass ratio of acetic acid/formic acid (A/F ratio) ranged from 1.93-5.38 for different burning incense. Anhydrosugars and sugar alcohols contributed 0.20-1.12% and 0.12-1.35%, respectively, of particle mass of incense burning. This study found that levoglucosan, mannosan, galactosan, arabitol, xylitol, galactose, did not exist in the unburned incense powder, meanwhile these species were significant abundant in burning particles, indicating the potential organic biomarkers for incense burning smoke. Mass ratios of levoglucosan/xylitol ratio in PM ranged between 6.4-15.4 released from burning incenses with stick. Meanwhile, the ratios of levoglucosan/xylitol in PM were between 11.0-25.6 released from buring incenses without stick. Additionally, there were mass ratios of levoglucosan/mannosan of 0.36-2.65 in PM emitted from different incenses burning. Both of levoglucosan/xylitol and levoglucosan/mannosan could be used as organic markers for biomass burning. two kinds of mass ratios can be used as organic markers of incense burning.
Particle size distribution released from incense burning ranged mainly between 100~400 nm, accounting for 88.4-89.2% of total particle number concentrations. Their number medium aerodynamic diameters peaked in the 187-195 nm, indicating the different incenses have the similar combustion performance. |
